Last updated: October 2025
Quick Picks
If you’re here for a fast answer, this snapshot helps you choose the right emergency light battery for a code‑ready 90‑minute runtime:
Choose Chemistry
- SLA (sealed lead‑acid): Best for steel housings, outdoor/wet locations, hazardous models; economical high‑Ah capacity for remote heads.
- Ni‑Cd (nickel‑cadmium): Compact/lightweight for thermoplastic units and slim LED exit signs; fast recharge for frequent self‑tests.
Size for Runtime
- Match voltage exactly (e.g., 4.8V Ni‑Cd packs for exit signs; 6V/12V SLA for most emergency lights; some industrial units use 24V SLA).
- Select adequate Ah/mAh for lamp wattage and any remote heads; higher capacity extends runtime but increases weight and recharge time.
Test & Replace
- Monthly push‑button functional test (or auto self‑test).
- Annual full 90‑minute discharge on battery.
- Replace with same chemistry and voltage to preserve the listing.
Types of Emergency Light Batteries
Emergency lighting equipment is listed to UL 924 and typically uses one of two rechargeable chemistries:
- Sealed Lead‑Acid (SLA): The standby workhorse for steel emergency lights, NEMA/wet‑location fixtures, and high‑wattage or remote‑capable systems needing bigger amp‑hour reserves.
- Nickel‑Cadmium (Ni‑Cd): The compact, lightweight choice for thermoplastic lights and exit signs—especially the common 4.8V stick packs in LED signage.
Both chemistries can deliver the required 90‑minute runtime. Your best match depends on housing size, environment, and whether you need to power remote heads or additional load.
Battery Comparison (Visual)
| Chemistry | Typical Voltages | Approx. Recharge | Best For | Watch Outs | Common Fixtures / Use Cases | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLA | 6V • 12V • 24V | ~24 hours after full 90‑minute test | Lowest cost per Ah, rugged standby, remote heads, outdoor/wet and hazardous locations | Heavier, larger footprint; long recharge window | Steel emergency lights, NEMA 4X/wet, Chicago steel combos, industrial corridors, remote‑capable units | Excellent float‑charge behavior; predictable runtime |
| Ni‑Cd | 3.6–9.6V packs (4.8V common for exit signs) | ~3.5 hours | Compact housings, rapid self‑test recovery, indoor temperature ranges | Cadmium recycling required; voltage depression if repeatedly partially cycled | Thermoplastic emergency lights, slim exit signs, recessed/architectural combos | Reliable across many small form factors |
Sealed Lead‑Acid (SLA): When, Why & How to Size
SLA emergency light batteries remain the default for heavy‑duty and outdoor applications because they pair a low cost‑per‑Ah with robust standby behavior. They’re also the simple choice when a unit must power remote heads or higher‑wattage lamps for a full 90 minutes.
Where SLA shines
- Steel & industrial housings: ample space for 6V/12V/24V “brick” batteries, thick wiring, and higher lamp loads.
- Harsh environments: mechanical rooms, warehouses, parking structures, and NEMA/wet‑location enclosures.
- Remote‑capable runs: twin heads on the unit plus one or more remote heads fed over low‑voltage conductors.
Typical SLA sizes & long‑tail identifiers
Common replacement phrases (and the packs they usually reference) include “6V 4.5Ah emergency light battery”, “12V 7Ah SLA for exit/emergency combo”, and “24V SLA battery for industrial egress lights”. Matching these search terms in your logs often maps back to nameplate specs inside the housing.
Runtime math you can trust
To estimate capacity, use a simple rule‑of‑thumb (assume 85% efficiency for wiring/driver losses):
Required Ah ≈ (Total Watts × 1.18 × Runtime Hours) / System Voltage
Example: Two 9 W heads at 6 V for 1.5 hours → Total Watts = 18. Required Ah ≈ (18 × 1.18 × 1.5) / 6 ≈ 5.31 Ah. Choose a 6V 6Ah SLA to provide margin.
Charging & storage
- Recharge window: SLA typically needs ~24 hours to fully recharge after a full 90‑minute test.
- Storage: keep spares cool and charged; avoid deep storage discharge.
- Best‑practice charging steps: For procedures and safety tips, see How to recharge a sealed lead‑acid battery (best practices).
Maintenance & Testing: Schedules That Pass Inspection
Emergency lighting must provide code‑required illumination during an outage. A predictable testing schedule keeps you compliant and catches weak batteries before an inspection.
- Monthly: a 30‑second functional test via push button or automatic self‑test; confirm indicators and transfer.
- Annually: a full 90‑minute discharge under load with logs retained for your AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction).
- Recharge window: after the annual test, allow the full recharge cycle (SLA ≈ 24 hours; Ni‑Cd ≈ 3.5 hours) before retesting.
Load testing vs resting voltage: A multimeter may show a “healthy” number at rest, but a battery load test reveals real‑world performance. Record pass/fail results and any corrective actions in your life‑safety log.
Nickel‑Cadmium (Ni‑Cd): Strengths, Myths & Care
Ni‑Cd emergency light batteries thrive where space and weight are tight and recharge time matters—think thermoplastic housings and compact LED exit signs. The most common search phrases you’ll see are “4.8V exit sign battery pack”, “9.6V Ni‑Cd emergency light battery”, and “Ni‑Cd combo unit battery quick charge”.
Why facilities still choose Ni‑Cd
- Small & flexible: packs fit in slim housings and odd geometries; any mounting orientation is OK.
- Fast recharge: typically back to ready state in ~3.5 hours after a full discharge.
- Predictable indoors: solid performance in offices, schools, retail, and multifamily corridors.
About “memory effect”
The classic Ni‑Cd “memory effect” is often overstated in modern emergency lighting use. What you’ll more commonly see is voltage depression from repeated partial cycles. The fix is simple: allow a full recharge between tests and perform the scheduled annual 90‑minute discharge. Proper charging extends useful life and runtime.
Other Chemistries (LiFePO4, NiMH): Where They Fit
While this guide compares SLA vs Ni‑Cd, you may encounter other chemistries in newer designs:
- LiFePO4 (lithium iron phosphate): lightweight with long cycle life and stable behavior; popular in premium edge‑lit signs and compact emergency lights. Requires a BMS and compatible charger profile.
- NiMH: cadmium‑free with better energy density than Ni‑Cd but higher self‑discharge and more heat sensitivity; found in select exit signs and older combos.
Always follow the fixture manual and listing—charger profiles are chemistry‑specific.
Replacement & Sizing Guidelines (with Runtime Math)
To keep your UL 924 listing intact, replace like‑for‑like unless the manufacturer provides an approved alternate.
- Chemistry: don’t swap SLA for Ni‑Cd or vice versa without manufacturer approval.
- Voltage: must match the nameplate; e.g., 4.8V Ni‑Cd for exit signs, 6V/12V/24V SLA for lights and combos.
- Capacity (Ah or mAh): equal to or greater than original; verify space and charger capability.
- Connector & geometry: confirm plug type, lead length, and pack shape (stick/cluster vs brick) to avoid strain on conductors.
Runtime sizing examples
- Exit sign (4.8V Ni‑Cd, 90 minutes): LED signs often draw ≤ 2 W in emergency mode. Packs in the 600–1000 mAh range are typical; verify against the spec label.
- Emergency light (12V SLA with remote heads): Two 12 W heads + 1 remote 12 W → 36 W total. Required Ah ≈ (36 × 1.18 × 1.5)/12 ≈ 5.31 Ah; a 12V 7Ah SLA is a common choice that adds margin.
For a step‑by‑step overview spanning exit signs, emergency lights, and combo units, see our broader pillar on battery selection: Emergency Light, Exit Sign & Combo Batteries (UL 924 Guide).
Need a refresher on the mechanics of swapping packs in the field? See our battery replacement guide for emergency lights and exit signs.
Can I Replace a Lead‑Acid Battery with a Ni‑Cd?
In most cases, no. SLA and Ni‑Cd use different charging profiles and connectors. Mixing chemistries can shorten runtime, damage the charger, or void the fixture’s UL 924 listing. If you’re exploring a chemistry change for a special environment, contact the fixture manufacturer for an approved alternate and updated documentation.
Conclusion
Both sealed lead‑acid and nickel‑cadmium can deliver compliant 90‑minute emergency lighting. Choose SLA when you need rugged standby power and big amp‑hours for remote heads or industrial housings; choose Ni‑Cd when you need fast recharge and compact packs for slim signs and thermoplastic fixtures. Match voltage, size capacity to the load, keep clean test logs, and follow the maintenance schedule. Your equipment will be ready when the lights go out.